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◎文/藥師楊佳蒨
興奮劑(S6)在世界反運動禁藥機構(WADA)禁用清單中,被歸類於賽內禁用(Prohibited
in-competition)的物質,涵蓋多種類別藥物,包括合法藥物、天然或合成的非法化合物。這些藥物能夠增強中樞神經系統的活性,主要的作用機制與提升兒茶酚胺(catecholamine)水平和增強腎上腺素受體激動活性有關。一般常見用於醫療用途、娛樂用途以及提高運動表現。1
最常見具有擬交感神經活性的物質,例如麻黃鹼Ephedrine、偽麻黃鹼Pseudoephedrine及其相關化合物。實證研究表明,中藥材麻黃(Ephedrae
Herba)含有麻黃鹼和偽麻黃鹼,這兩種物質在結構和藥理學上均與S6類興奮劑相似,因此被WADA直接列為禁用物質。12,13,14馬錢子(Strychni
Semen)含有番木鼈鹼/士的寧Strychnine,番木鼈鹼是一種經典的S6興奮劑,亦被WADA禁用。13,14
枳實、枳殼及玳玳花分別為植物苦橙/酸橙(Citrus × aurantium L.)的幼果、未成熟果實與花蕾,含有辛弗林Synephrine,是一種具有與麻黃鹼類似興奮作用的擬交感神經胺,常見於運動補劑中。辛弗林並未被明確列為禁用的S6興奮劑,但其結構相似性和藥理作用,在反興奮劑領域亦受到關注。13,14,15
(待續)
參考資料:
1. Comprehensive Analysis of Prohibited Substances and Methods in
Sports: Unveiling Trends, Pharmacokinetics, and WADA Evolution.
Oleksak P, Nepovimova E, Valko M, et al. Environmental Toxicology
and Pharmacology. 2024;108:104447.
12. Ephedrae Herba: A Comprehensive Review of Its Traditional Uses,
Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, and Toxicology. Zheng Q, Mu X, Pan S,
Luan R, Zhao P. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 2023;307:116153.
13. Pharmacology of Stimulants Prohibited by the World Anti-Doping
Agency (WADA). Docherty JR. British Journal of Pharmacology.
2008;154(3):606-22.
14. Prevalence of Legal and Illegal Stimulating Agents in Sports.
Deventer K, Roels K, Delbeke FT, Van Eenoo P. Analytical and
Bioanalytical Chemistry. 2011;401(2):421-32.
15. Presence and Quantity of Botanical Ingredients With Purported
Performance-Enhancing Properties in Sports Supplements. Cohen PA,
Avula B, Katragunta K, Travis JC, Khan I. JAMA Network Open.
2023;6(7):e2323879.
(本文作者為彰化基督教醫院中醫藥局主任)
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